He that hath the Son hath life; and he that hath not the Son of God hath not life.
Eternal life is God's gift found only in His Son, so to have the Son is to have life and to be without the Son is to be without life. To have Him is to receive Christ personally by faith and abide in Him as branches in the vine, with His Spirit and His words dwelling in the heart as the beginning of eternal life. No one has immortality in himself, for life in Christ is original, unborrowed and underived, and He is the sole source of eternal life. Those who believe God's record about His Son may know they have eternal life now and stand secure with confidence toward God in prayer. By faith His life becomes theirs, and this union is why believers will rise from the grave at the last day to appear with Him in glory.
Life Is in the Son
Eternal life is God's gift and it is found only in His Son, so that whoever has the Son has life and whoever does not have the Son of God does not have life. To possess the Son is to possess life and to lack the Son is to lack life, and this life is life in Christ, not death as a passage into life nor an eternally burning hell. Belief in God's record about His Son gives an inward witness and assurance that believers have eternal life, so they can stand securely in faith and trust God's promises through Christ, and can know that they have eternal life as they are urged to believe in the Son. The verse is encouragement from the Word of God and part of the preparation needed to be ready to meet the Lord when He appears with power and great glory, when Christ who is life appears and His people appear with Him in glory. This life stands in contrast to living for self, for covetousness and the desire to gain for oneself and living for self cut the soul off from life, while Christ's spirit gives and sacrifices self for the good of others.
To have the Son is to receive Christ personally as Saviour and Life-giver and to share His life, for life is not apart from Him. Only full acceptance of the Son of God as one's personal Saviour gives an honorable place in Christ's kingdom, and without the Son there is no life, while those who receive Him as the Life-giver share His life. Through His death and resurrection believers are freed from sin's condemnation and may be received as God's children, and His imparted life restores their opportunity for immortality and union with God. Christ dwells in believers through the Holy Spirit received into the heart by faith, and that presence is the beginning of eternal life, by which His life becomes theirs, which union is why they will rise from the grave at the last day. Possession of the Son gives a new birth with new life drawn from His own life as a branch draws life from the parent stock, a provision made by the love of Jesus for blood-bought souls, so that those who believe draw from Him their motive power and the texture of their character, are made new for good works, abide in Him, and receive the daily work of His Spirit which revives and strengthens and supports the soul. Christ's righteousness gives life in contrast to the death brought by Adam's sin, so that through Christ believers share in the divine nature and those who receive Him have the promise of eternal life and the Word's offered preparedness for eternal life.
To reject Him is to reject life itself, leaving the soul in self-deception and death, toward which every inducement will be presented as long as Satan exists to lure souls. This is because God is love and love is life, so that rejecting divine love and living for self and refusing love's merciful care for others cuts a person off from life, and choosing earthly things instead of spiritual life means perishing with them. The Son gave His life as the propitiation for the sins of the world, and this life is set forth as the life of the church.
Receiving the Son by Faith
To have the Son is to abide in Christ as branches abide in the vine and as members belong to the body, so that living and working apart from Him is impossible. That possession is not abstract but an experimental, personal knowledge of Him in abiding union, and without the Son there is no life for the soul. The true life of the soul cannot be sustained except by the Word of the living God, and except through the right exercise of the mind in performing duty and keeping the affections directed heavenward.
Christ dwells in believers through the Holy Spirit, and by faith His life becomes theirs. The Spirit received into the heart by faith is how Christ dwells within, and that indwelling presence is the beginning of eternal life. This union is why those who receive Him will rise from the grave at the last day, for life is not apart from Him.
To have the Son is to have His words abiding within, to eat His flesh and drink His blood by eating and drinking the words of eternal life, for in that very experience is eternal life. Receiving and practicing His words gives the sanctification of the Spirit, and His holiness imbues and enters and fills the life of everyone who partakes of Him as the bread of life and drinks the water of salvation. Those who receive and practice Christ's words have eternal life within them because they are in Christ and His life dwells in them. Looking to Him as Sin-bearer heals the serpent's sting, for He is the only remedy for sin, and beholding Him changes the beholder into the same image, with nothing to come between the soul and God.
Possession of the Son gives new birth with new life drawn from His own life as a branch draws life from the parent stock, a provision made by the love of Jesus for blood-bought souls. Those who believe in Christ draw from Him their motive power and the texture of their character. Life in Christ is an active experience in which the believer abides in Him through faith, is made new for good works, and receives the daily work of His Spirit which revives and strengthens and supports the soul. Through Christ believers share in the divine nature and have the promise of eternal life, with Christ's righteousness giving life in contrast to the death brought by Adam's sin.
Having the Son is fellowship with Christ and receiving His grace, which enables mind and heart and soul to triumph over the lower nature. Jesus as personal Saviour alone awakens the soul, and to have Him is to have life and to have everything. This life must be learned daily in the school of Christ and must be practiced and taught, getting Christ into the chambers of the mind and into practical life, drawing nigh to Him and being found in Him. It is lived by simple faith and by living by every word that proceeds from the mouth of God, becoming partakers of the divine nature and escaping the corruption in the world through lust, abiding in Him and not sinning and doing righteousness.
Assurance of Eternal Life
Belief in God's record concerning His Son gives an inward witness that eternal life is found in the Son, so that whoever has the Son has life and whoever does not have the Son of God does not have life. That witness brings assurance of possessing eternal life now, enabling a secure standing in faith and trust in God's promises through Christ. This life is life in Christ as God's gift, not death as a passage into life nor an eternally burning hell, and those who believe are urged to believe on the Son.
Those who believe on the name of the Son of God possess eternal life and know that they have it now. This present possession gives confidence in prayer, that whatever is asked according to His will is heard and the petitions desired are received. Christ Himself teaches His servants how to pray for what they need so that their prayers are acceptable. The Son of God has come and has given understanding that men may know Him that is true, and believers are of God and are in Him that is true, even in His Son Jesus Christ.
The life in the Son is plainly written out as assured papers, providing knowledge of duty with every facility and capability supplied to perform it. Having that life is present hope in anticipation of the full atonement. That atonement becomes effective only when sin is put away and the beginning of confidence is held steadfast to the end, so that sin is blotted out from the book of God. Keeping the life has only one way, becoming partakers of the divine nature and escaping the corruption in the world through lust, abiding in Him and not sinning, doing righteousness, putting off all self-importance while placing a high estimate on character as bought with a price.
Whoever believes in Christ as the Life-giver receives life, and the gospel alone sanctifies the soul to share in a life that measures with the life of God. This sanctified life is received by claiming God's promises in faith and drawing on divine strength to overcome, and it brings joy in believing. Having the Son means having eternal life in union with God, a privilege reaching even to those in the lowest depths of sin, the lost and lowly bound by depraved appetite and passion, because of the divine interposition made in their behalf on Calvary's cross. The chain let down from the throne of God is long enough to reach into the lowest depths, lift them from the pit of sin, and have them acknowledged as children of God, heirs with Christ to an immortal inheritance. That life requires learning meekness and lowliness of spirit from Christ and being fitted by doing God's will, leading to an abundant entrance into the city of God and to what God has in store, beside which everything else is of no consequence. Those who know the truth are to hold up this sin-pardoning Saviour before the perishing by repeating again and again the story of God's wonderful love to man.
Immortality Only in Christ
No human being possesses in himself that independent, personal spiritual existence called immortality, for life is possessed only by having the Son through experimental, personal knowledge of Him and abiding union with Him. Eternal life is not inherited, it is God's gift found in His Son, not death as a passage into life nor an eternally burning hell, and those who believe in the Son can know that they have it. To have the Son is to have His words abiding within, giving sanctification of the Spirit, to eat His flesh and drink His blood by eating and drinking the words of eternal life, for in that very experience is eternal life. The life of the true believer in Christ is a mystery that cannot be explained, making him a living stone built together for a habitation of God through the Spirit, with the privilege of possessing Christ's nature, a nature far above that which man forfeited by transgression. He who sees the Son by faith and believes in Him is obedient to the commandments of God, and in this obedience he finds everlasting life.
There is no immortality except through Christ Jesus, for He is the sole source of eternal life, so that whoever has the Son has life and whoever does not have the Son does not have it. Denying His divinity obscures the gospel and cuts people off from this source of life, while those who believe in Him receive that life. Life is in Christ as original, unborrowed, underived life, and the divinity of Christ is the believer's assurance of eternal life, in contrast to the death brought by Adam's sin. His power as Author of the resurrection gives Him the right and power to grant it, shown in His authority over death and the grave, and this power is the ground of the resurrection of the righteous. To have the Son is therefore to have resurrection life now and at the second coming, when the righteous dead are raised and the living righteous never die.
Having the Son is an active experience: through faith a person abides in Him, is made new for good works, and receives the daily work of His Spirit which revives, strengthens and supports the soul. Through Christ believers share in the divine nature, and Christ's righteousness gives life with the promise of eternal life to those who receive Him. He laid aside His royal robe and crown and combined divinity with humanity to make Himself a steppingstone whereby man might reach heaven and stand on vantage ground with God. His holiness imbues the life of everyone who eats the bread of life and drinks the water of salvation, and he who receives and practices His words has eternal life because he is in Christ.
Having the Son means having eternal life in union with God, a life that measures with the life of God. This privilege belongs even to those in the lowest depths of sin, the lost and lowly bound by depraved appetite and passion, because Jesus made a divine interposition in their behalf on Calvary's cross. The chain let down from the throne of God is long enough to reach into the lowest depths, lift them from the pit of sin, and have them acknowledged as children of God, heirs with Christ to an immortal inheritance. Those who know the truth are to hold up this sin-pardoning Saviour before them by repeating again and again the story of God's wonderful love to man.
Resurrection and Future Glory
Eternal life is given in God's Son, so receiving Christ means having life and being without Him means being without life, and Christ dwells in believers through the Holy Spirit received into the heart by faith. By that faith His life becomes theirs, and that union is the reason they will rise from the grave at the last day. The Spirit's presence in the heart through faith is the beginning of eternal life.
Christ's divinity is the assurance of that eternal life, and His power as Author of the resurrection gives Him the right and power to grant it. That power is the ground of the resurrection of the righteous, shown in His authority over death and the grave. Life in Christ is original, unborrowed, underived life, and to have the Son is to have resurrection life now and at the second coming. Then the righteous dead are raised and the living righteous never die.
Possessing the Son is possessing life, and lacking the Son is lacking life, and this is encouragement from the Word of God and part of the preparation needed to be ready to meet the Lord when He appears with power and great glory. When Christ who is life appears, His people appear with Him in glory. Those who have Christ have a life that measures with the life of God, learned by meekness and lowliness of spirit and by being fitted through doing God's will. That life leads to an abundant entrance into the city of God and to what God has in store, beside which everything else is of no consequence.
Living the Life Out
To have the Son is to have life, and not to have the Son of God is not to have life, for eternal life is found only in Him. Covetousness, self-seeking and living for self cut the soul off from that life. The spirit of Christ gives up self and sacrifices self for the good of others. God is love and love is life, so to live for self and refuse love's merciful care for others is to reject the Son and therefore to reject life itself. To choose earthly things instead of spiritual life is to perish with them.
The true life of the soul is found only in having the Son, and without the Son there is no life. That life cannot be sustained except by the Word of the living God. It is sustained also through the right exercise of the mind in performing duty and through keeping the affections directed heavenward.
He who sees the Son by faith and believes in Him is obedient to the commandments of God, and in this obedience finds everlasting life. Keeping that life has only one way: becoming partakers of the divine nature and escaping the corruption in the world through lust. Keeping it means abiding in Him and not sinning, and doing righteousness. It requires learning meekness and lowliness of spirit from Christ and being fitted by doing God's will, putting off all self-importance while placing a high estimate on character as bought with a price. That life measures with the life of God and leads to an abundant entrance into the city of God and to what God has in store, beside which everything else is of no consequence.
All hopes of eternal life are centered in Christ, and knowing Him is essential to that hope. He is eternal life to all who eat His flesh and drink His blood. Looking to Him as Sin-bearer heals the serpent's sting, for He is the only remedy for sin. Beholding Him changes the beholder into the same image, and nothing must be allowed to come between the soul and God. His grace strengthens those who trust in Him as their precious Helper.
He is the only hope of the world, and people must be led to Him. The Word of God offers to each one who receives Jesus Christ a preparedness for eternal life, for receiving Christ gives life in union with God. Not having the Son leaves the soul in self-deception and death, and as long as Satan exists every inducement will be presented to lure souls toward that death. Those who know the truth are to hold up this sin-pardoning Saviour before even those in the lowest depths of sin by repeating again and again the story of God's wonderful love to man.
Eternal life is God's gift found only in His Son, so to have the Son is to have life and to be without the Son is to be without life. To have Him is to receive Christ personally by faith and abide in Him as branches in the vine, with His Spirit and His words dwelling in the heart as the beginning of eternal life. No one has immortality in himself, for life in Christ is original, unborrowed and underived, and He is the sole source of eternal life. Those who believe God's record about His Son may know they have eternal life now and stand secure with confidence toward God in prayer. By faith His life becomes theirs, and this union is why believers will rise from the grave at the last day to appear with Him in glory.
Life Is in the Son
Eternal life is God's gift and it is found only in His Son, so that whoever has the Son has life and whoever does not have the Son of God does not have life. To possess the Son is to possess life and to lack the Son is to lack life, and this life is life in Christ, not death as a passage into life nor an eternally burning hell. Belief in God's record about His Son gives an inward witness and assurance that believers have eternal life, so they can stand securely in faith and trust God's promises through Christ, and can know that they have eternal life as they are urged to believe in the Son. The verse is encouragement from the Word of God and part of the preparation needed to be ready to meet the Lord when He appears with power and great glory, when Christ who is life appears and His people appear with Him in glory. This life stands in contrast to living for self, for covetousness and the desire to gain for oneself and living for self cut the soul off from life, while Christ's spirit gives and sacrifices self for the good of others.
To have the Son is to receive Christ personally as Saviour and Life-giver and to share His life, for life is not apart from Him. Only full acceptance of the Son of God as one's personal Saviour gives an honorable place in Christ's kingdom, and without the Son there is no life, while those who receive Him as the Life-giver share His life. Through His death and resurrection believers are freed from sin's condemnation and may be received as God's children, and His imparted life restores their opportunity for immortality and union with God. Christ dwells in believers through the Holy Spirit received into the heart by faith, and that presence is the beginning of eternal life, by which His life becomes theirs, which union is why they will rise from the grave at the last day. Possession of the Son gives a new birth with new life drawn from His own life as a branch draws life from the parent stock, a provision made by the love of Jesus for blood-bought souls, so that those who believe draw from Him their motive power and the texture of their character, are made new for good works, abide in Him, and receive the daily work of His Spirit which revives and strengthens and supports the soul. Christ's righteousness gives life in contrast to the death brought by Adam's sin, so that through Christ believers share in the divine nature and those who receive Him have the promise of eternal life and the Word's offered preparedness for eternal life.
To reject Him is to reject life itself, leaving the soul in self-deception and death, toward which every inducement will be presented as long as Satan exists to lure souls. This is because God is love and love is life, so that rejecting divine love and living for self and refusing love's merciful care for others cuts a person off from life, and choosing earthly things instead of spiritual life means perishing with them. The Son gave His life as the propitiation for the sins of the world, and this life is set forth as the life of the church.
Receiving the Son by Faith
To have the Son is to abide in Christ as branches abide in the vine and as members belong to the body, so that living and working apart from Him is impossible. That possession is not abstract but an experimental, personal knowledge of Him in abiding union, and without the Son there is no life for the soul. The true life of the soul cannot be sustained except by the Word of the living God, and except through the right exercise of the mind in performing duty and keeping the affections directed heavenward.
Christ dwells in believers through the Holy Spirit, and by faith His life becomes theirs. The Spirit received into the heart by faith is how Christ dwells within, and that indwelling presence is the beginning of eternal life. This union is why those who receive Him will rise from the grave at the last day, for life is not apart from Him.
To have the Son is to have His words abiding within, to eat His flesh and drink His blood by eating and drinking the words of eternal life, for in that very experience is eternal life. Receiving and practicing His words gives the sanctification of the Spirit, and His holiness imbues and enters and fills the life of everyone who partakes of Him as the bread of life and drinks the water of salvation. Those who receive and practice Christ's words have eternal life within them because they are in Christ and His life dwells in them. Looking to Him as Sin-bearer heals the serpent's sting, for He is the only remedy for sin, and beholding Him changes the beholder into the same image, with nothing to come between the soul and God.
Possession of the Son gives new birth with new life drawn from His own life as a branch draws life from the parent stock, a provision made by the love of Jesus for blood-bought souls. Those who believe in Christ draw from Him their motive power and the texture of their character. Life in Christ is an active experience in which the believer abides in Him through faith, is made new for good works, and receives the daily work of His Spirit which revives and strengthens and supports the soul. Through Christ believers share in the divine nature and have the promise of eternal life, with Christ's righteousness giving life in contrast to the death brought by Adam's sin.
Having the Son is fellowship with Christ and receiving His grace, which enables mind and heart and soul to triumph over the lower nature. Jesus as personal Saviour alone awakens the soul, and to have Him is to have life and to have everything. This life must be learned daily in the school of Christ and must be practiced and taught, getting Christ into the chambers of the mind and into practical life, drawing nigh to Him and being found in Him. It is lived by simple faith and by living by every word that proceeds from the mouth of God, becoming partakers of the divine nature and escaping the corruption in the world through lust, abiding in Him and not sinning and doing righteousness.
Assurance of Eternal Life
Belief in God's record concerning His Son gives an inward witness that eternal life is found in the Son, so that whoever has the Son has life and whoever does not have the Son of God does not have life. That witness brings assurance of possessing eternal life now, enabling a secure standing in faith and trust in God's promises through Christ. This life is life in Christ as God's gift, not death as a passage into life nor an eternally burning hell, and those who believe are urged to believe on the Son.
Those who believe on the name of the Son of God possess eternal life and know that they have it now. This present possession gives confidence in prayer, that whatever is asked according to His will is heard and the petitions desired are received. Christ Himself teaches His servants how to pray for what they need so that their prayers are acceptable. The Son of God has come and has given understanding that men may know Him that is true, and believers are of God and are in Him that is true, even in His Son Jesus Christ.
The life in the Son is plainly written out as assured papers, providing knowledge of duty with every facility and capability supplied to perform it. Having that life is present hope in anticipation of the full atonement. That atonement becomes effective only when sin is put away and the beginning of confidence is held steadfast to the end, so that sin is blotted out from the book of God. Keeping the life has only one way, becoming partakers of the divine nature and escaping the corruption in the world through lust, abiding in Him and not sinning, doing righteousness, putting off all self-importance while placing a high estimate on character as bought with a price.
Whoever believes in Christ as the Life-giver receives life, and the gospel alone sanctifies the soul to share in a life that measures with the life of God. This sanctified life is received by claiming God's promises in faith and drawing on divine strength to overcome, and it brings joy in believing. Having the Son means having eternal life in union with God, a privilege reaching even to those in the lowest depths of sin, the lost and lowly bound by depraved appetite and passion, because of the divine interposition made in their behalf on Calvary's cross. The chain let down from the throne of God is long enough to reach into the lowest depths, lift them from the pit of sin, and have them acknowledged as children of God, heirs with Christ to an immortal inheritance. That life requires learning meekness and lowliness of spirit from Christ and being fitted by doing God's will, leading to an abundant entrance into the city of God and to what God has in store, beside which everything else is of no consequence. Those who know the truth are to hold up this sin-pardoning Saviour before the perishing by repeating again and again the story of God's wonderful love to man.
Immortality Only in Christ
No human being possesses in himself that independent, personal spiritual existence called immortality, for life is possessed only by having the Son through experimental, personal knowledge of Him and abiding union with Him. Eternal life is not inherited, it is God's gift found in His Son, not death as a passage into life nor an eternally burning hell, and those who believe in the Son can know that they have it. To have the Son is to have His words abiding within, giving sanctification of the Spirit, to eat His flesh and drink His blood by eating and drinking the words of eternal life, for in that very experience is eternal life. The life of the true believer in Christ is a mystery that cannot be explained, making him a living stone built together for a habitation of God through the Spirit, with the privilege of possessing Christ's nature, a nature far above that which man forfeited by transgression. He who sees the Son by faith and believes in Him is obedient to the commandments of God, and in this obedience he finds everlasting life.
There is no immortality except through Christ Jesus, for He is the sole source of eternal life, so that whoever has the Son has life and whoever does not have the Son does not have it. Denying His divinity obscures the gospel and cuts people off from this source of life, while those who believe in Him receive that life. Life is in Christ as original, unborrowed, underived life, and the divinity of Christ is the believer's assurance of eternal life, in contrast to the death brought by Adam's sin. His power as Author of the resurrection gives Him the right and power to grant it, shown in His authority over death and the grave, and this power is the ground of the resurrection of the righteous. To have the Son is therefore to have resurrection life now and at the second coming, when the righteous dead are raised and the living righteous never die.
Having the Son is an active experience: through faith a person abides in Him, is made new for good works, and receives the daily work of His Spirit which revives, strengthens and supports the soul. Through Christ believers share in the divine nature, and Christ's righteousness gives life with the promise of eternal life to those who receive Him. He laid aside His royal robe and crown and combined divinity with humanity to make Himself a steppingstone whereby man might reach heaven and stand on vantage ground with God. His holiness imbues the life of everyone who eats the bread of life and drinks the water of salvation, and he who receives and practices His words has eternal life because he is in Christ.
Having the Son means having eternal life in union with God, a life that measures with the life of God. This privilege belongs even to those in the lowest depths of sin, the lost and lowly bound by depraved appetite and passion, because Jesus made a divine interposition in their behalf on Calvary's cross. The chain let down from the throne of God is long enough to reach into the lowest depths, lift them from the pit of sin, and have them acknowledged as children of God, heirs with Christ to an immortal inheritance. Those who know the truth are to hold up this sin-pardoning Saviour before them by repeating again and again the story of God's wonderful love to man.
Resurrection and Future Glory
Eternal life is given in God's Son, so receiving Christ means having life and being without Him means being without life, and Christ dwells in believers through the Holy Spirit received into the heart by faith. By that faith His life becomes theirs, and that union is the reason they will rise from the grave at the last day. The Spirit's presence in the heart through faith is the beginning of eternal life.
Christ's divinity is the assurance of that eternal life, and His power as Author of the resurrection gives Him the right and power to grant it. That power is the ground of the resurrection of the righteous, shown in His authority over death and the grave. Life in Christ is original, unborrowed, underived life, and to have the Son is to have resurrection life now and at the second coming. Then the righteous dead are raised and the living righteous never die.
Possessing the Son is possessing life, and lacking the Son is lacking life, and this is encouragement from the Word of God and part of the preparation needed to be ready to meet the Lord when He appears with power and great glory. When Christ who is life appears, His people appear with Him in glory. Those who have Christ have a life that measures with the life of God, learned by meekness and lowliness of spirit and by being fitted through doing God's will. That life leads to an abundant entrance into the city of God and to what God has in store, beside which everything else is of no consequence.
Living the Life Out
To have the Son is to have life, and not to have the Son of God is not to have life, for eternal life is found only in Him. Covetousness, self-seeking and living for self cut the soul off from that life. The spirit of Christ gives up self and sacrifices self for the good of others. God is love and love is life, so to live for self and refuse love's merciful care for others is to reject the Son and therefore to reject life itself. To choose earthly things instead of spiritual life is to perish with them.
The true life of the soul is found only in having the Son, and without the Son there is no life. That life cannot be sustained except by the Word of the living God. It is sustained also through the right exercise of the mind in performing duty and through keeping the affections directed heavenward.
He who sees the Son by faith and believes in Him is obedient to the commandments of God, and in this obedience finds everlasting life. Keeping that life has only one way: becoming partakers of the divine nature and escaping the corruption in the world through lust. Keeping it means abiding in Him and not sinning, and doing righteousness. It requires learning meekness and lowliness of spirit from Christ and being fitted by doing God's will, putting off all self-importance while placing a high estimate on character as bought with a price. That life measures with the life of God and leads to an abundant entrance into the city of God and to what God has in store, beside which everything else is of no consequence.
All hopes of eternal life are centered in Christ, and knowing Him is essential to that hope. He is eternal life to all who eat His flesh and drink His blood. Looking to Him as Sin-bearer heals the serpent's sting, for He is the only remedy for sin. Beholding Him changes the beholder into the same image, and nothing must be allowed to come between the soul and God. His grace strengthens those who trust in Him as their precious Helper.
He is the only hope of the world, and people must be led to Him. The Word of God offers to each one who receives Jesus Christ a preparedness for eternal life, for receiving Christ gives life in union with God. Not having the Son leaves the soul in self-deception and death, and as long as Satan exists every inducement will be presented to lure souls toward that death. Those who know the truth are to hold up this sin-pardoning Saviour before even those in the lowest depths of sin by repeating again and again the story of God's wonderful love to man.