THERE are difficulties ahead for the class in geography if the name of this country means only the forty-five States which send senators and representatives to Congress. The imperialists give that meaning to the term. The full official name of this country is “The United States of America.” The articles of Confederation said: “The style of this Confederacy shall be the United States of America.” And the Constitution says: “We, the people of the United States . . . do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.” If the name refers only to the States no Territory outside of them is in the country proper. New Mexico belongs to the United States, but is not of it nor in it.
The results from the standpoint of the party in power may be very satisfactory, yet, from the standpoint of the class in geography to be found in every school in the land, they are somewhat confusing. The school children must be taught these facts:—
The District of Columbia is not in the United States.
The city of Washington is in the District of Columbia.
Hence the capital of the United States is not in the United States.
Extending the higher criticism of the Constitution, the children must be made to comprehend also these propositions:—
The United States is the only country in the world whose Congress does not meet in it.
The United States is the only country in the world whose President does not live in it.
The United States is the only country in the world whose Government is not in it.
This may seem paradoxical and absurd, yet the school children should be taught those things if the imperialists overthrow the opinion of the Supreme Court by John Marshall, when it said that the term United States embraces not only States, but the territory of the United States.
Washington, Jefferson, and Lincoln Repudiated.
The following from a press report of recent proceedings in the United States Senate, makes a point that is worthy of note:—
“Senator Pettigrew is revenged. It was Mr. Sewell of New Jersey who denounced him as a traitor in the Senate. The other day Mr. Pettigrew innocently began reading some extracts from addresses which he wished to have printed in the Record. The sentiments sounded treasonable, or anarchical, and the Hawleys and Lodges began pricking up their ears. Finally Sewell jumped up. This thing had gone far enough. He objected to such stuff being printed at the expense of the Government. Pettigrew’s eye gleamed; his hour had come, and the Senate was informed that the extracts, every one, were taken from the works of Washington, Jefferson and Lincoln.”
Methodist Conference Supports Pacific Expansion
“The Philadelphia Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church,” says a Philadelphia dispatch, “to-day [March 21] unanimously adopted a resolution presented by the Rev. Dr. T. B. Neeley commending the national administration for the acquisition of the territory in the Pacific.
“The Rev. Dr. Lippincott started to make some objection to the phraseology of the resolution, but there were so many cries for him to resume his seat and for a ‘vote’ that the paper was adopted. The resolution provided that the church take advantage of the providential placing of the islands of the Pacific under control of the United States by forming an expansionist army of 500,000 people who will contribute $1 a year for spreading the gospel in the islands.
“A resolution was also adopted condemning the national administration for the failure to abolish the army canteen and calling upon the President to exercise his authority to suppress the sale of liquor to the soldiers under Government sanction.”
Sunday-Closing Law Violations
Two SALOON-KEEPERS, of Pemberville, O., have been fined $150 and $200 respectively, for violation of the Sunday-closing law.
Sunday Shooting Bill
A BILL recently introduced in the Massachusetts legislature aims to repeal the laws against fishing and shooting game in that State on Sundays. A hearing was given on the bill, of which we find this mention in the Springfield Republican of March 21:—
“There was a large delegation before the committee of fisheries and game this morning in opposition to the bill of Representative MacCartney to allow Sunday shooting. Rev. M. D. Kneeland of the Sabbath Protective League made the point that the census officials have stated that in three-fifths of the country’s area game was being annihilated. Rev. W. H. Albright of Dorchester claimed the workman could get away from work on secular days if he was enough interested. Even if he lost his wages it was no worse than for other people to lose their time. Other speakers were William Shaw, treasurer of the United Society of Christian Endeavor, Representative Robinson of Springfield, and A. B. F. Kenney of Worcester.”
What decision, if any, has been reached in the matter we have not yet learned.
Liquor Business in Manila
“As ONE result of American occupancy of Manila,” says the Wine and Spirit News, “the liquor business has reached enterprising proportions, and is now considered as one of the leading, as well as one of the respectable, kinds of business. Says one correspondent: ‘On the Escolta, the principal street, only a quarter of a mile long, there were but two places where intoxicating liquors were sold when we entered the city, whereas now there are eighteen. There are three hundred licensed places in the city where liquors may be obtained, licenses costing $3 per year. The income of the largest, the Alhambra, is stated on good authority to be $700 per night. Already the street cars are topped with large signs detailing the exquisite qualities of certain whiskies. One quarter of the daily issue of the principal English newspaper published is devoted to extolling the perfection of a brand of beer, while the largest drug store in202town devotes a whole column to advertising its fine line of liquors, with no mention of its medicines.’”
Murder by Burning in South Carolina
ACCOUNTS have been received from Chesterfield County, South Carolina, of the murder by burning and torture of a young white woman, unaccused of any crime. The motive behind the terrible deed, so far as any appears, was jealousy growing out of the girl's preference in the matter of her male acquaintances.
The Demoralizing Effects of Lawlessness
There is every reason for believing that such shocking occurrences are the natural result of familiarity with scenes or descriptions of torture and the infliction of “cruel and unusual punishments” put under ban by the Constitution as characteristic only of a savage race. Such scenes unfortunately belong to the history of recent events in some of the Southern States. On such occasions more harm is done to the community than can be offset by any possible good secured by the acts of vengeance. Such occasions can only be demoralizing in the highest degree. Not only do they substitute anarchy for law and government, but they arouse and encourage passions against which civilization everywhere has erected legal barriers. These passions, at first exercised for the protection of white women, appear now to be reacting with precisely the opposite effect upon this very class. Nothing can be more effective in providing safety for a community than regard for law and order.
Protecting Missionaries in China
ONE of the chief causes operating at present to force interference on the part of the “Christian nations” in the affairs of China, is the necessity that is felt for giving governmental protection to Christian missionaries laboring in that country. This supposed necessity is especially felt at this time, because of the active hostility of a Chinese organization known as “the boxers,” who aim to drive out or kill all the missionaries and “foreign devils” within their reach. As the missionaries are in many instances several hundred miles inland, the problem of giving adequate protection without landing troops on Chinese territory is a difficult one. A Washington dispatch says on this point:—
“The state department is in a quandary to devise means to render effective protection to the American missionaries at Shan Tung. The difficulty lies in the fact that the missionaries have in most cases gone as far as 200 miles inland, and are thus beyond reach of any aid that can be extended from a war ship. Minister Conger’s advices show that the situation is further complicated by the fact that the location of the present troubles is so far inland as to make it difficult to determine whether or not the ‘boxers’ are operating in Shan Tung, or across the border in Pechili province.”
Protection as a Pretext for Occupation
Protection to the missionaries, it would seem from this, may be the plea under which military occupation of Chinese territory will be accomplished by the United States.
Christianity as a Cure for Mormonism
A WRITER quoted in the Union Signal makes a plea for the application of Christianity, in the place of the club of law, as a cure for the spreading evil of Mormonism:—
“Mormonism constitutes one of the most urgent problems of the day. Utah and the common Mormon people have great possibilities of good; the Mormon system is satanic. The common people are very largely sincere, deluded persons, blinded by priestcraft; yet they have minds, feelings, capabilities, and an endless destiny like our own. They will never be clubbed into a better system. Strong law must be had for lawbreakers; but the real question is that as to whether Christianity’s life, light, and love shall replace the dark superstitions of a revived paganism.”
Sunday Agitation in Chicago.
By C. P. B.
THE Sunday agitation in Chicago has reached another stage. A call has been issued by the Illinois Journeymen Barbers’ Protective Association, in which the west side boss barbers are to have the use of the rooms of the association, at 118 5th avenue during the afternoon of Sunday, May 6, the west side bosses May 13, the north siders May 20 and the downtown barbers May 27. It is expected that the Sunday-closing proposition will be discussed and a vote taken as to closing shops. If this is decided on the bosses must ballot regarding making the closing permanent or only putting it in force during the summer season.” Business agent J. Lucas of the association, said in a recent interview:—
“It is not the intention to enforce the State law as to Sunday closing without due notice to the bosses. The boss barbers of each part of the city shall decide among themselves. There will be a contract that the bosses are expected to sign, and a violation of its terms means a fine of $5 a chair for each offense.”
The fact is that the State Sunday law is a mere wreck, and that is the only reason why appeal has not been made to it long ere this to force Sunday observance on all the people because it is desired by a part of the people.
There is nothing in all the catalogue of things claiming to be moral that has less conscience in it than the Sunday agitation. It is true that a great many people have real conscientious convictions concerning Sunday; but there are many more whose convictions are so weak that they are unwilling to risk anything for the sake of203those convictions. They will keep Sunday if they can do it without loss, otherwise they will not keep it.
It is sheer nonsense to talk of such service being Sabbath-keeping. It could not be that even were the Sabbath of the fourth commandment observed instead of the Sunday, a day for which there is no divine authority.
He only keeps the Sabbath or any other day, who observes it “unto the Lord;” and he only observes it “unto the Lord” who is willing to sacrifice, if need be, for the sake of keeping it. C. P. B.
The Wine and Spirit News
Possibly the Wine and Spirit News has been misinformed, but a journal devoted to the interests of the liquor trade may usually be taken as reliable authority in a matter directly pertaining to that business.
“ARTICLE XVI
GENERAL LEW WALLACE, the well-known American soldier and statesman, proposes the following as a Sixteenth Amendment to the national Constitution:—
“ARTICLE XVI
“SECTION 1. The United States shall not in any manner acquire, hold, maintain, provide for or exercise jurisdiction or sovereignty over any island, territory or country now foreign, except with the consent of the people of the United States first had.
“SECTION 2. In cases of territorial expansion hereafter proposed the will of the people of the United States, required by the foregoing section, shall be determinable at elections, to be provided by Congress, and in every instance the President shall proclaim the result; whereupon, if there be a majority for the proposition, the Constitution shall, from the day of the proclamation, extend to the island, territory or country admitted, and to its inhabitants.”
Congress and a Citizen’s Duty
A WRITER in the Catholic Mirror says of the “duty of a citizen in war time,” that “The decision of Congress fixes the duty of every American citizen.” When Congress has declared war, then “whatever he may think of it” as being right or wrong, he has no “right to refuse his aid in giving it effect.”
Congress Cannot Repeal God’s Law
Such sentiments are not out of place in a Catholic journal, because the Catholic system is altogether different from republicanism, and is based on the principle of submission in all things to human authority. But this is not the doctrine of free government nor of Christianity. Congress does not fix duty for any citizen in the matter of killing people, or in any matter covered by the moral law. The Bible says, “Fear God and keep his commandments, for this is the whole duty of man.” Congress can neither add to this nor take from it. The commandment says, “Thou shalt not kill;” and to say that any body of men can by a vote make it the duty of men to kill their fellow-men, is to say that man can repeal the law of God; which to the Christian is the height of error, however it may appear to the atheist or the believer in papal claims.
The Sphere of Civil Government
The members of Congress are not chosen to prescribe duty for the people who put them in office. They are chosen to represent the people in the business of government, which in this country is to take such action as is necessary to preserve the rights of the people. The representatives derive all their authority from the people, and the people themselves are their own rulers. The sphere of civil government is the preservation of rights and not the defining or enforcing of moral duties.
Governor Rollins Proclaims a Fast Day.
GOVERNOR ROLLINS, of New Hampshire, retains unshaken faith in the virtue of fast-day proclamations and the like issued from the executive mansion at the State Capital, and has issued another proclamation to the people of that State appointing a fast day April 19, the anniversary of the “battle” of Lexington, which is “Patriots’ day” in Massachusetts. He appeals to the people of New Hampshire for such an observance of the day as shall coincide with the practise of the fathers in earlier times. He says:—
“When the country was in its infancy and dangers surrounded it on every hand, our ancestors felt the need of a protecting and guiding power, and sought it prayerfully, leaving us this annual rite as a sacred inheritance. Now that we have attained a strong and lusty manhood, now that we are a vigorous, wealthy people, having safely passed the perils of our youth, we are apt to forget the strong arm upon which our forefathers leaned. Instead of abolishing fast day as a worn out and useless custom, I would call our people to a renewed observance and a better appreciation of the real significance of the day. I would ask that large body of men who seldom, if ever, cross the threshold of a church, to kneel once more where they knelt as children, and see if the church has not some message for them. I believe that a single honest attempt to cast off the blinding and depressing influences of doubt and materialism and to look at life once more through the clear, earnest eyes of youth and in the light of the faith of our fathers, would bring a solace and satisfaction ‘like the benediction that follows after prayer.’”
The trouble is that the people of to-day do not have the religious spirit that was characteristic of the fathers, and this cannot be put into them by a governor’s proclamation. If the success of fast days in the olden time had depended upon official proclamations, they would have been as much a failure and a farce then as they are to-day. The fathers came together in the observance of fast-day not because the governor had exhorted them to do so, but because the spirit of the observance was alive in their own hearts. To-day that spirit is dead; and only the letter of the institution remains, and that a dead letter, necessarily. The governor’s proclamation may have some effect, but it cannot put life into what is dead.
Of course, such a proclamation is altogether outside the province of the governor’s office. His office is purely political, and as a governor, he is authorized to issue only political proclamations. Hence his fast-day and other religious proclamations, while evincing a praiseworthy interest in the religious welfare of the people, are devoid of any legal force; and being able to borrow no force from religious fervor in the minds of the people, become a farce in every sense of the word. Under such circumstances there is no reason why they should be issued at all.
Jews Fined in Chicago for Working on Sunday.
THERE is trouble between Jews and “Christians” in Chicago because of “disturbances” occasioned by the former in transacting business on Sundays. The Chicago Tribune of March 20 prints the following:—
“Religious warfare has broken out in the ghetti over the failure of the Jewish merchants to rest on Sunday. The members of Christian churches in the district declare they are annoyed while attending church by noises occasioned by auctioneering. Captain Wheeler and the police of the Maxwell Street Station have taken a hand, and several arrests have been made. Three men, John Demetrik, Andrew Brown, and Joseph Belap, were taken before Justice Dooley yesterday and fined the costs for disturbing the peace by conducting horse sales in Maxwell street. Their place of business, near Halstead street, was in the immediate vicinity of two churches, and the parishioners complained.
“Jewish residents of the district say the arrests are the climax of a series of petty persecutions. They declare that on Saturday they are as much interfered with by the Christians as are the Christians by them on Sunday.”
Of course, the Jews and seventh-day Christians are “disturbed” as much by the noise and confusion of secular business on Saturday, as the Sunday observers are by secular business on Sunday; and more so, because the volume of business is vastly greater on the204seventh day than on the first. But of course the seventh-day people do not need any protection against such things! Not that they are differently constituted from other people, but they observe the seventh day instead of the first, and therefore their interests don’t need to be considered! The minority don’t need protection against the majority; it is only the majority that must be protected against the minority! Such are some of the principles involved in this agitation for the legal protection of Sunday. The seventh-day people ask for no “protection” for their rest on the seventh day, and feel no need of any; and the Sunday people, in asking this for their day, only expose the weakness of their cause.
Religious Liberty in Portugal
IN Portugal at present religious liberty is making some progress. The laws prohibiting priests, who have renounced their orders, from remaining in the country, excluding Protestants from service in the army, and forbidding public celebration of Protestant services, have been repealed. The Protestant schools are attended by a large number of children, and a state school-inspector has publicly announced a Protestant school to be the best in the country. Many young men are aspiring to become Protestant clergymen. The middle classes especially are said to be affected. Persecution has ceased, and it has been stated by persons wielding a large amount of influence that no Portuguese shall suffer for his religious convictions. There, too, the light seems to be dawning, just as it is dawning in its neighbor country, Spain.—Lutheran Witness.
Locomotive Engineers and Firemen on Sunday Work.
THE following statements by locomotive engineers and firemen, regarding their attitude toward the movement for the suppression of Sunday work, are published in The Defender, the organ of the “New England Sabbath Protective League.” They certainly do not sustain the impression generally sought to be given by agitators for Sunday enforcement, that railway employees are all anxious for the success of the Sunday enforcement crusade:—
“There is a certain amount of Sunday work that is necessary; for example, the transportation of perishable goods, and probably a majority of the men would prefer to work Sunday and obtain the pay for it; but there has been so much Sunday work lately that many are getting a little tired of it. Theoretically, no man having conscientious scruples against Sunday work is required to work, but there is an unexpressed feeling that it would not do a man any particular good if he205absolutely refused to run his locomotive on Sunday. No vote declaring the wishes of the engineers’ union on this subject has ever been passed, to my knowledge.”
“(Locomotive Engineers.)”
“The majority it is believed are opposed to working on Sundays, although no vote, to my knowledge, has ever been taken in the union. Still there are many firemen who wish to work, usually men who have families, while the single men, as a rule, would prefer to have the day to themselves rather than get the pay for working. It may be doubted whether legislation is necessary or practicable to restrict Sunday work. No satisfactory legislation concerning railroad Sunday labor has yet been proposed. The companies and the men can best adjust differences, there are so many varying conditions existing which require special arrangements. Some trains must be run Sundays to meet the public demand.”
“(Firemen.)”
Labor Troubles in Chicago.
By C. P. B.
SIGNS are not wanting which show plainly that Chicago is in all probability destined soon to be the scene of serious labor troubles.
There is a growing bitterness between capital and labor here, and both parties to the controversy are actively engaged endeavoring to gain some advantage.
Of course one cannot believe all the reports that are current, but it is said that sales of arms and ammunition usually light during the winter season have been unusually heavy. “In this circumstance,” remarks an evening paper, “many persons are beginning to foresee preparations for an outbreak such as preceded the anarchist riots of 1886.”
Some dealers attribute these increased sales to the general “good times,” while on the other hand attention is called to the fact that the “good times” that have brought about such a demand for weapons and explosives have been felt particularly since the early part of the year, when trouble began to brew between employers and employees in many lines of industry.
Another significant fact is the increased activity of the avowed anarchists. Evidently they are only waiting their opportunity which they expect to find in the gigantic strike, which, judging from all appearances, is very soon to be inaugurated here.
A prominent representative of labor from another State, who visited Chicago a few days since, said in a recent interview: “A spark dropped there [in Chicago] might precipitate a condition for which we do not want to be held responsible. Every nation and every grade is represented. We have not forgotten the ‘black road’ riots of 1886. Those people are organizing, but we have nothing to do with it.”
In short, the whole situation is summed up by a morning paper in these words:—
“Representatives of both sides admit that the situation is critical. They say that no labor trouble in Chicago since the great railroad strike of 1894 has been so widespread or so replete with elements of danger.”
C. P. B.
A Victim of the Labor Trust.
THE following letter recently received illustrates the fact that despotism is not all on one side in the conflict between labor and capital; and the “trust” evil is not confined to the side of wealth. There is a “labor trust” among the other numerous combines of this character, and the tyranny of this trust is quite as marked as in the trusts controlled by wealth:—
“EDITOR AMERICAN SENTINEL: I was mining coal a year ago, and as crop time came on I rented some corn ground near the coal mine, about twelve miles from home and went back and forth every week; therefore I took no change of clothes. The miners’ federation had a rule that if any one died each miner would have to go to the funeral or be fined one dollar. Instead of checking off the dollar they came to me and wanted me to sign a contract that I would sanction the rules of the federation. I told them that their rule was wrong, that it would be taking my rights away from me; that they could check off the dollar if they wanted to as a fine, but I would not sign the contract.
“Matters went along thus for about two weeks. The coal company said they would see that I got work; but when they saw that to keep me they might have to close the mine, they let me go. The miners said they would not bear with me any longer.
“Now as the miners are organized all over the United States, I have not the privilege of working in the mines. The labor trust is a power in the earth.
“The Constitution says that every man is created with equal right to life, liberty and happiness; but we see that the principles of free government are being repudiated by the people.
“Respectfully,
“LEWIS SAUCERMAN.
“Farnsworth, Ind., March 12.
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