p. 10 | Signs of the Times, Vol. 26, No. 43. (10/24/1900)

A DANGEROUS PRECEDENT.

By Charles M. Snow

FATHER O'BRIEN, of St. Patrick's Church, Lowell, Mass., died recently, and as his funeral was appointed for a day on which the public schools of Lowell would be open, the school board of that city ordered that the public schools be closed during the hours of the funeral; and Lowell's 15,000 schoolchildren were made to do honor to the memory of the Catholic priest. Father O'Brien was declared to have been a faithful priest, faithful to his charge, faithful to his church. It is not in place to question here his faithfulness to his church; but there are thousands of other priests in the United States who are faithful to their church. But what claim this gives them upon the time and homage of the public school-children of the land does not appear; or what claim it gives them upon the taxpayers of the country, by whose money the public schools are builded and operated, is another difficult thing for an American to understand. The schools are the property of the people, by whose taxation they are operated, and to close them for any portion of time whatever as a matter of homage to any church is a misappropriation of the public funds. It is the same principle that is involved in the appropriation of the public revenues for the maintenance of church schools; and in them both is that unjust principle of compelling a portion of the people to support or reverence a religion in which they do not believe.

On the other hand, there are many faithful Protestant ministers for whom the same action could be as justly demanded. The principle of fairness would require that this be done. The inexpediency and injustice of such a thing should be so apparent to any thinking person as to preclude the adoption of any such unwise course on the part of American school boards.

One of the reasons given for the closing of the schools of Lowell on that particular day was that the priest was a prominent educator. It is a fact that he had a parochial school in connection with his own parish, and that he had been instrumental in establishing such schools in other places. But as a faithful officer in the church he could not have been an advocate or supporter of the public schools. The opposition of Catholic officials to the public schools of the United States is too well known to need reiteration here. With the knowledge of this fact in mind, the action of the Lowell school board is peculiar, to say the least. The public schools which the priest opposed are compelled to honor his memory.

The incident is important as showing the gradual falling away on the part of American officials from the true American idea. It is noticeable all along the line. It is also important as another indication of the gradual but steady rise of the influence of Catholicism in all departments of the government, from the greatest to the least. C. M. S.

ROME'S CLUTCH ON MANILA.

GENERAL OTIS is quoted as saying that "Protestant missions will have a hard and stony ground in the Philippines, and that it is not well to push them too much in the present unsettled state of public thought." He also says that the "holy orders own seven-eighths of the best real estate of Manila and Laguna de Bay—the best paying land in all the archipelago." If this be true, no wonder the people rebelled, and no wonder the Roman Catholics are on the alert to hold their vantage ground. Think of it! "seven-eighths of the best real estate." One of these orders is also said to have millions of cash in the banks ready for use in carrying on their work. For long centuries the poor peasants of the islands have been made to contribute to the support of the papal church, and, while they have been growing poorer, the emissaries of Rome have been growing richer. The church proposes to hold her ill-gotten gains. She is working in Washington as well as in Manila to keep that which she has gotten and to make the pathway of the Protestant missionary a hard road to travel.—Michigan Christian Advocate.

THE great strike is still on in the anthracite coal regions of the East, and several mines have been closed in addition to those which had already ceased operation. There has been little disturbance, altho the authorities in different places have expected trouble, and been prepared for it. At Hazleton, Penn., the sheriff has forbidden the marching of large bodies of miners, and the order has been obeyed. President Mitchell, of the miners' union, has issued a call for a miners' convention to consider the operator's offer of a ten per cent. increase in wages. The convention will be held at Scranton, Penn., October 12.

THE Chinese Government has signified its determination to punish the leaders of the Boxer uprising. Prince Tuan is to be banished to a military post on the border of Siberia. Other prominent Chinese officials are to be imprisoned for life; while the president of the censorate, the secretary and president of the civil board, and the president of the board of punishment, are to be decapitated. Li Hung Chang and several prominent viceroys have protested against the proposed removal of the emperor and empress dowager to a capital farther inland, and the emperor seems inclined to return to Peking if sufficient guarantees for his safety are given, and if the majority of the foreign troops are removed from that city.

No definite plan of action has thus far been agreed upon by the powers for dealing with China. France and Germany have both put forth propositions, but action has not been taken by the other nations for their acceptance. However, it is thought that these exchanges of propositions are bringing joint action nearer. France demands among other things that the nations prohibit the sending of arms and ammunition to China for an indefinite time, but some of the powers are not willing for such a step. The port and forts of Shan Hai Kwan have been seized by the allies, also the Peitang forts. Jealousy has already shown itself over the action of the German field marshal, and he is accused of dealing unfairly with the allies. Japan has begun to withdraw her forces from Peking, and the American general has notified the German field marshal that his troops will not participate in further operations.

THE skeleton remains of three of those giant antediluvian animals known as the dinosaur have been found by a party from the Field Columbian Museum, of Chicago, in the mountains of Colorado, and are being shipped to that museum. The finding of these remains of the monsters of old is regarded by many as a refutation of the Bible record of creation, and is used to substantiate the theory that animal life has been going on upon this earth for millions of years. They are found in different layers of earth, different strata, and so many hundreds of thousands or millions of years are counted off to each strata. The strata argument is simply the voicing of man's disbelief in God's ability to handle the flood which He created, and make it transform the face of the earth, piling stratum upon stratum, and burying in each the animals which lived in their respective portions of the earth. Had the mastodon and dinosaur been allowed to continue their existence while mankind was retrograding through the effects of sin, they could have stamped out the race. The cutting short of their existence was in mercy to man, and should be looked upon as an evidence of God's love and care for us, rather than as a weapon against the truth of His Word.

AN argument put forth for American retention of the Philippines is the good we are doing the Filipinos and the prosperity we are bringing them. The increased customs receipts in the islands is given as an evidence of this good and this increased prosperity. The customs receipts for the first seven months of this year exceeded those of the same period of last year by $2,095,335. But when it is remembered that an overwhelming proportion of the customs receipts of the Philippine Islands is derived from the importation of American beer and other liquors, with all the vice and depravity which it entails, the argument has little weight in the direction intended. It is but another witness to the ever-widening influence of a deplorable traffic.

THE International Peace Congress, which was recently convened in Paris, France, has epitomized its work in an appeal to the nations, in which it condemns the refusal of the British Government to agree to arbitration or mediation in South Africa, and expresses keen regret that the majority of the governments which might have offered mediation, abstained from so doing, in spite of their peace declarations at The Hague. The Congress recommends that the nations take action to bring to an end the massacre of Armenians; that international treaties be concluded making arbitration permanent and obligatory; and that the nations formulate plans for the reduction of their formidable armaments.

THE October term of the United States Supreme Court, which began October 8, is expected to leave a memorable mark upon the history of this country, as many cases are to be decided which involve questions entirely new in American experience. Among these cases will be considered the political, financial, and economic relations between this government and Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines; the constitutionality of the Porto Rico tariff law; and the validity of customs charges on articles imported from the Philippines, which are considered American territory.

THAT it is not Turkey's poverty which prevents her paying an indemnity for the destruction of missionary property is shown by the fact that she recently gave the contract for 208 pieces of modern artillery and for two torpedo destroyers to the Krupps, altho the bid of an English company for the same was $400,000 less than the price at which the Krupps will furnish them. The indemnity which Turkey is expected to pay and has promised to pay is less than $100,000.

ALL later archaeological discoveries tend to show that man did not enter existence the savage which evolution would make him to be. Recent discoveries in Crete, by Mr. A. J. Evans, of tablets inscribed in an unknown tongue, show that knowledge of writing existed before the Phenician system. This newly discovered language, with distinctly marked numerals, does not seem to be allied to any now known.

LORD WOLSELEY, commander-in-chief of the British army, shows his belief in the demoralizing influence of liquor in the army by requesting the British public to refrain from offering the returning soldiers any intoxicating liquors. This would seem to indicate that the commander-in-chief of the British army did not believe in the canteen as a temperance measure.

THE route and plans for the underground railway connecting New York and Brooklyn, which will pass under the East River, have been completed and accepted by the company which is to operate the line. This underground line will be four and one-quarter miles in length, will cost $6,000,000, and require two years for its construction.

ENGLAND has an Inebriate Act, under which magistrates are able to commit habitual drunkards to inebriate reformatories; and a recent report on the working of this act in London shows that out of ninety-two such convictions and commitments, ninety were women. Of the six institutions existing for this purpose, five are for women.

THE amount of gold in the United States treasury now amounts to $437,221,191. This is said to be the largest hoard of gold, with one exception, in the world. The bank of France holds in its vaults $450,000,000 in gold. The gold in the United States treasury is now being added to at the rate of about $100,000,000 a year.

A REPORT from Taku, China, states that the persecution of Christians in Shantung province has been revived. Advices from Canton report a serious uprising of the Triads, and the whole country to the south is said to be in a ferment. There is also much unrest in the two Kwang provinces.

IN a political riot at Guayma, Porto Rico, on October 7, four persons were killed and fifteen injured. The police who attempted to quell the riot were assailed by a mob armed with sticks, stones, machetes, and revolvers. The outbreak was due to police interference in political meetings.

ON October 7 the bishop of Jerusalem, in the name of the pope, and in the presence of 500 German pilgrims, laid the corner-stone of the church which is to be erected on Mount Zion, on the site which the sultan presented to Emperor William during the latter's visit to Jerusalem.

SEÑOR ROMERO Y ROBLEDO, of Spain, who was minister of justice in 1896, prophesies a revolution in Spain in the near future, unless there is a change in the present political and economic situation, and indicates that he will support the Republican cause as against the monarchy.

THE elections in England, tho not complete, show a very strong majority in support of the course pursued by the government in reference to the Boer War. Altho the Liberals have gained in some sections, the Ministerial majority in Parliament is expected to be about 150.

THE international jury of the Paris Exposition has awarded to the American Book Company, of New York, two grand prizes, one gold medal, and two silver medals, for text-books on elementary education, secondary education, and industrial and commercial education.

CERTAIN missionaries and Belgian engineers who have been held as prisoners by the Chinese at Pao-ting-fu have been ordered released by Li Hung Chang. A Chinese escort was provided to take them to Peking; but they refused to go, fearing treachery.

SO RAPID is the change in modern naval vessels, in order to insure the greatest amount of effectiveness, that a board of survey has been ordered to investigate the condition of the battle-ship Texas, with a view to retiring her from the navy as obsolete.

FORTY persons were crushed to death and many more seriously injured in a panic at a Catholic festival at St. Nikander, Russia, on October 7. The panic was started by the collapse of one of the floors of the monastery, which was crowded with pilgrims.

THE first telegraph message over the new line from Skaguay, Alaska, to Seattle, Washington, was received at the latter place on October 3. The through line is expected to be ready for business on October 10.

THE Panuco and Tames Rivers, of Eastern Mexico, have overflowed their banks, flooding thousands of acres of land, carrying away houses, and destroying stock and crops. Many drownings are reported.

A TORNADO swept through the town of Biwabik, Minn., on October 7, destroying property to the extent of $100,000, and resulting in the death of nine persons. A score or more persons were severely injured.

THE steamer City of Seattle arrived at Seattle from Skaguay, Alaska, on October 3, with $1,500,000 in Klondike gold.

A NEW FAD.

By C. M. Stevens

IN spite of all the agitation by humanitarians against vivisection (the dissection of animals while they are yet alive), the cruel and demoralizing practise still goes on, in some cases "in the interest of science;" in others, because "vivisection parties" are "the fad." These parties are declared to be as popular in Paris as slumming parties were in England and America not long ago.

A recent report from Paris gives the horrifying details of the doings of such a party, where experiments were conducted by a young physician upon living animals, for the amusement of fifteen young women, four of whom were American girls. The experiments began by torturing a frog to death. After partial vivisection, it was tortured with electric shocks, that the party might witness its convulsions. Then came an experiment on a Newfoundland dog, in which partial paralysis was produced by the removal of a portion of the brain. It must be remembered that no such thing as cocain or ether is used in these brutalizing exhibitions. The report states that the result was painful to witness, but that "the young women bore the ordeal with fortitude." Several experiments upon cats followed this, and the entertainment closed with the vivisection of a dog, the details of which are too horrible to relate.

The report adds that during this scene two of the young women fainted, and two were unable to remain in the room.

In the increase of this systematic, cunning cruelty we see the unmistakable evidence of a moral degeneracy, terrible in its consequences. The question is asked, To what will such things lead? The answer is not difficult. Love begets love; hate begets hate; cruelty begets cruelty; and the begotten cruelty begets crime. The tendency of all such things is downward, and the pace is rapid. A college president who is not in favor of the vivisection of animals, has declared that he believed it must be allowed unless the people were willing to face that other horror, human vivisection; for it was sure to come if scientific experimenters were not allowed to vivisect animals.

In the light of all this, where is the prospect of the "glorious future" which the learned agnostic, the evolutionist, and the fashionable churchman are so confidently predicting? The earth is "wearing out;" the tendency of the race to-day is downward; sin and misery are increasing on every hand; and the only hope for a better condition of things is in the fact that the prophecies of God are fulfilling, and that Christ is coming, and coming soon.

C. M. S.

Composition of Alcohol

By W. H. Riley, M.D.

ALCOHOL; ITS HISTORY, AND ITS EFFECTS UPON SOCIETY.

Composition of Alcohol.

WHAT is alcohol?—The word is from the Spanish alcohol,—galena, antimony,—derived from the Arabic word al-kohal, powder of antimony, used to paint the eyebrows. This Arabic word was later used to designate rectified spirits, and may have been applied to alcohol because of its use as a solvent of pigments insoluble in water. Alcohol is the product of the fermentation of any vegetable matter which contains sugar. It is composed of three elements, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in the proportions of 2 to 6 to 1, being represented by the chemical formula C₂H₆O. In order to show more clearly how it is formed, we will describe a simple experiment by which it may be produced.

A small quantity of molasses may be dissolved in water, a little yeast added, and the liquid placed in a warm place to ferment. This fermentation is caused by the growth of the yeast plant, which is so small that it can be seen only by the aid of a powerful microscope. When so examined, the plant is found to be composed of globules less than one four-thousandth of an inch in diameter. These cells are filled with gelatinous compounds, consisting principally of exceedingly minute germinal granules. In fermentation below 45° Fahrenheit, these granules increase in number until the cell wall bursts, when they develop further and in turn become parent cells. In a temperature of 75° or 80° F. the development is more rapid, the granules passing through the pores of the cell wall, and forming buds. Here they grow, detach themselves, and become parent cells.

In order to secure fermentation, yeast must be present. It may be added intentionally, or it may be communicated from the air, which always contains its spores. In the process of its growth, the plant decomposes sugar into alcohol and carbonic acid.

As the warm dilution of the molasses ferments, or decomposes, bubbles are seen to rise to the surface. These bubbles are a combination of carbon and oxygen in the proportion of one to two, indicated by the chemical formula CO₂. This gas is much the same as that which is exhaled from the lungs in breathing, and is called carbon dioxide, or carbonic acid. This gas comes from the decomposition of the sugar in the molasses. The plants will not develop in pure sugar, but in the form known as glucose, or grape sugar, from which alcohol is obtained, and which is present in molasses. Sugar is composed of the same elements as alcohol, but combined in a different proportion, as indicated in the formula C₆H₁₂O₆. The growth of the yeast plant causes these elements to shift their positions, forming two new compounds, one of which is the carbonic acid, CO₂, seen in the bubbles, and the other is alcohol, C₂H₆O. The changing of one part of sugar to two parts each of carbonic acid and alcohol is shown in the following chemical equation:—

C₆H₁₂O₆ = 2(C₂H₆O) + 2(CO₂). Sugar Alcohol Carb. Acid.

If now the solution of molasses be tasted, it will be found to have no longer the sweet taste of sugar, but is instead sour. The same change occurs when a jar of canned fruit is not securely sealed, permitting fermenting germs to enter from the air. Not only is the taste then found to be sour, but the odor of alcohol may be noticeable.

At this stage of our experiment, the alcohol is still mixed with the water and remaining portions of the molasses. To remove it, heat is applied and the alcohol passes off as vapor; and when this is collected and cooled, it is condensed into a liquid. This liquid is not pure alcohol, but contains more or less water. Alcohol vaporizes at a temperature much below the boiling point of water, and yet its affinity for water is so great that it is difficult to obtain it in absolute form by distillation alone. The addition of quicklime to absorb the water, and then redistillation, is sometimes practised.

Properties.

Alcohol, when obtained pure—termed absolute alcohol—is a clear, colorless liquid, having the appearance of water, but only four-fifths as heavy, its specific gravity being .79. The odor is agreeable, the taste strong, warm, and penetrating. It boils at a temperature of 173° F., or 40° lower than water. Until recently it was thought that alcohol could not be frozen, but this has been accomplished by reducing the temperature to about 200° below zero. It has a great affinity for water, mixing with it in all proportions. Alcohol is very inflammable, burning with a pale bluish flame without smoke. In burning, it combines with six parts of oxygen from the air, and produces carbon dioxide and water (H₂O), as shown in the equation:—

C₂H₆O + 6O = 2(CO₂) + 3(H₂O).

It is valuable to the chemist, as it affords much heat with no annoyance from smoke; and also for another valuable property, that of dissolving substances not soluble in water, especially resins, gums, etc. It is a valuable reagent for separating salts, one of which is soluble, the other insoluble in it. Combining it with resins, varnishes are made, and perfumes are made by dissolving essential oils in it. The affinity of alcohol for water makes it valuable for preserving anatomical specimens. It combines with the moisture, and so prevents this from acting upon the animal substance to produce decay.

It is readily seen that alcohol is a valuable substance in many ways, and if confined to these uses would never be other than useful and harmless. It is the misapplication of it, as with many other good things, which makes it a curse.

Vegetables

By David Paulson, M.D.

SOME POINTS REGARDING FOOD. No. 6.

Vegetables.

VEGETABLES are largely made up of water and woody substances. In some respects they resemble fruit, but they do not contain sugar, as fruit does. Potatoes are perhaps the most valuable vegetable we have. Vegetables are chiefly valuable for the fact that they furnish bulk to the food, and give variety. Those, however, who eat largely of grain products and fruits will secure abundance of bulk, and variety as well. The attempt to remove all the coarse elements of food is disastrous. It causes inactivity of the bowels, and is also rapidly producing a toothless race. Dr. Lauder Bronton, an eminent English authority, explains the reason that American dentists are more skilful than English dentists. He says that the American millers have discovered a process of removing all the coarse products from the flour, so there is no exercise for the teeth; therefore the dentists have such an enormous business that they have abundance of opportunity

for practise. Some one has suggested that the future gold mines of the world will be found in American cemeteries. It is probable that during the last three years more gold has been put into American teeth than has been dug up in the Klondike regions.

When vegetables are eaten, it is well to avoid the use of fruit at the same time; for if the digestion is weak, fermentation will result. Fruit digests in about an hour, while vegetables require from four to five; but the fruit has to be retained in the stomach until the vegetable fiber has been disintegrated, and by that time, in the stomach where the digestive powers are weak, fermentation has already begun.

There are many who think that too great stress is laid on the question of diet in health and disease; but there are really but few diseases that do not have their headquarters in the stomach. More diseases come from without than from within, and undoubtedly more of them come by the avenue of the stomach than all other sources combined. The adoption of correct habits in diet would shortly banish a large percentage of the diseases which are to-day afflicting mankind, and would so build up the system as to enable it far more successfully to cope with that class of diseases which do not naturally originate from this source. DAVID PAULSON, M.D.

HE THRESHETH OUT HIS WHEAT.

WHEN the wheat is carried home, And the threshing-time has come, Close the door; When the flail is lifted high, Like the chaff I would not fly; At His feet, O, let me lie On the floor!

All the sorrows that I feel, All the cares that o'er me steal Like a dart, When my enemies prevail, And my strength begins to fail, 'Tis the beating of the flail On my heart.

It becomes me to be still, Tho I can not all His will Understand. I would be the purest wheat, Living humbly at His feet, Kissing oft the rod that beat, In His hand.

By and by I shall be stored In the garner of the Lord, Like a prize; Thanking Him for every blow That in sorrow laid me low, But in beating made me grow For the skies.

—Selected.

CHILDREN AND THE BIBLE.

THE Bible is pre-eminently a book for children. Its simplicity, earnestness, and pictorial quality, in spite of its manifold authorship, always have rendered it fascinating to them. They appreciate at once that it is for them as much as for their elders. There is not so much in it about children as in many other books, but most of it is pervaded by a recognition of their needs. Childlikeness is emphasized in the New Testament as essential to the true relation of the human soul toward God. We are to be simple-minded, like children. Like them we are to be trustful, affectionate, forgiving. We are to illustrate the warmth of heart which is their characteristic. Without this quality we can not be truly religious, or, at least, we can not attain to the highest and most fruitful type of piety. The relation of the child to its parents is the most common of illustrations in sermons, and that it does not become stale is because its beautiful fitness is recognized. It implies so much on both sides. It means not merely our dependence in love and confidence upon God, but also His love and care for us.

Children like the Bible because in it they find children just like themselves. The good are not goody goody, and there are not lacking examples of naughtiness and even grave sin which serve as warnings. It is a fruitful study, that of the children of the Bible, whether taken one by one, or compared. The Bible emphatically inculcates the duty of teaching the young that, while still children, they should become Christians, but it is careful not to expect from them a mature type of piety. The young can only be young Christians. But there is no reason why they should not be as genuine, consistent, and often as fruitful, as any of their elders. To this end early training is particularly necessary. The emphasis which used to be put upon carefully educating boys and girls to be Christians has been relaxed in too many homes. It sometimes may have been excessive in the past, so that it reacted upon its objects. But if judicious, sincere, and guided by prayer, it can not fail to be a blessing, and should be a feature of every truly Christian home.

Our children should grow up in the knowledge and love of God, and never know what it is to have the feeling of outsiders. They should be taught the principles of the Gospel from their first intelligence, and should expect to become professors of Christ as soon as they reach a suitable age, which in many cases may be early. They should not be hurried into the church, but they should not be prohibited from it merely because they are young. The Bible's stories about children and all its utterances in regard to them are in harmony with, and often are intended to teach, the lesson that children not only may but ought to give their hearts to Christ as truly as if they were grown up. Happy indeed are they who in early life learn to love and follow Christ, for theirs is likely to be a Christian career less stained by sin, and less assailed by conflict, than if they had failed to be converted until mature years.—Congregationalist.

TOO MUCH ATTENTION.

By Christian Advocate

ONE of the advantages of a trained nurse is that she knows not only what to do, but also what not to do. The point is illustrated by a story from a United States Hospital, where the women nurses were not always trained ones. A soldier was lying in his cot, and to him came a nurse. "What can I do for you?" she asked. "Nothing, thank you," was the reply. "Not anything?" persisted the woman persuasively. "I don't think so," murmured the wounded man. "At least," she said, mildly but firmly, "I can wash your face." She fetched the necessary materials and scoured the man's rueful countenance. "Now you will feel nice and clean," she said, when the operation was completed. "I ought to," said the soldier, with a faint smile: "You're the ninth lady who has washed my face this morning." —Christian Advocate.

A True Husband

By Kerr Boyce Tupper, D.D.

A TRUE husband will receive his wife into the most confiding partnership. Woman is neither superior nor inferior to man. She is only different. A man may have a professional secret from his wife, but never a personal secret. It is well to confide to wives business matters. Women have an instinct at times superior to man's reason.—Kerr Boyce Tupper, D.D.

The Dangers of Flesh Eating

Dr. Alexander Haig, the eminent specialist, of London, England, says: "The less animal flesh that people take, the better they come out in trials of force production, and especially in endurance;" and medical authorities everywhere are agreed that the eating of flesh meats is a prolific source of cancer, chronic rheumatism, and gout.

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