IT is a well-known fact that error, no matter how well disguised or how conscientiously maintained, will show itself at times and in ways that leave no doubt of its character, and that ought to convince even the simplest mind. Its most ardent advocates will sometimes make admissions or present illustrations that, it would seem, must convince even themselves of the fallacy of their positions. A case in point is the admissions of the National Reform organ, brought out in a recent presentation of the South African Boer question. The editor admits that the Boers are National Reformers, the admission being in these words:—
"The fact that they entered years ago into a public covenant with God to take His Word as their ultimate law in civil affairs has intensified the sympathy of many of the friends of Christian civil government for this remarkable people. It is not surprising that descendants of the old Scottish Covenanters should feel themselves powerfully drawn toward the heroic warriors of the Transvaal, who bear in many respects a striking resemblance to the heroes of the Scottish Covenants, nor that this sympathy should in many cases be still further strengthened, especially for President Kruger, by the uncompromising stand which he is known to have maintained for the exclusive use of the Scripture psalms in the worship of God."
The National Reform movement in the United States originated in the Reformed Presbyterian or Covenanter Church, "descendants of the old Scottish Covenanters;" and one of their leading purposes has been to have this government do just as the Boers have done, "enter into a public covenant with God to take His Word as their ultimate law in civil affairs." Now this same National Reform organ from which we have quoted gives in the same article some direct testimony as to the character of the National Reform Boers who have so long been under a "public covenant with God to take His Word as their ultimate law in civil affairs." In the first place, they enslaved the native Africans until compelled by Great Britain to emancipate them for a certain sum of money, about $20,000,000. But we will give what is admitted by publications as aforesaid. It is testified by Dr. David Livingstone, the noted African missionary and explorer:—
"One of the difficulties with which the mission had to contend was the vicinity of the Boers of the Cashan Mountains. I have myself seen Boers come to a village, and, according to their custom, demand twenty or thirty women to weed their gardens. These poor creatures, accordingly, proceeded to the scene of unrequited toil, carrying their own food on their heads, their children on their backs, and instruments of labor on their shoulders. 'We make the people labor for us,' said the Boers, 'in consideration of our allowing them to live in the country.' . . . . It is difficult to conceive that men possessing the common attribute of humanity [and these Boers are by no means destitute of the better feelings of our nature] should set out, after caressing their wives and children, and proceed to shoot down men and women whose affections are as warm as ours."
In the same connection another quotation is given from Doctor Livingstone, as follows:—
"During that time [eight years of his missionary labors] no winter passed without one or two tribes in the East country being plundered of both cattle and children by the Boers. The plan pursued is the following: One or two friendly tribes are forced to accompany a party of mounted Boers, and their expeditions can be got up only in the winter, when horses may be used without danger of being lost by disease. When they reach the tribe to be attacked, the friendly natives are ranged in front, to form, as they say, 'a shield,' the Boers then coolly fire over their heads till the devoted people flee and leave their cattle, wives, and children to the captors. This was done in nine cases during my residence in the interior, and on no occasion was a drop of Boer blood shed."
Now this is the people, and this the practical working of their government, who "years ago" made just such a "public covenant with God" as the National Reformers are urging this government to make. And the testimony as to the practical working of the "covenant" is given by the National Reform organ, which speaks of the Boers as having "many noble qualities, especially their devout and prayerful spirit and their reverence for the Word of God." And this same organ concedes, after a very elaborate discussion of the subject, that Great Britain has the right side in the present dispute.
Yes, we will admit that the National Reformers of America, with such a "covenant with God" in the Constitution, would not do the identical things that are charged up to the National Reformers of South Africa. Perhaps they would not do the identical things that are charged up to the "old Scottish Covenanters" when they had political power; but they do claim the right, when they shall have gained the power, to tolerate or not to tolerate in the land any other classes of people than themselves. People who make such claims will be very apt to exercise the principle when the power comes their way. According to the testimony we have adduced from a National Reform source, the Boers exacted pecuniary remuneration for allowing the natives to remain in their own country. So the National Reformers of this country would assume to make conditions on which other people should remain in the United States. Here is language uttered by leading exponents. The Christian Statesman, the organ to which we have alluded in this article, said in its issue of Oct. 2, 1884:—
"'Give all men to understand that this is a Christian nation and that, believing that without Christianity we perish, we must maintain by all means our Christian character. Inscribe this character on our Constitution [that is, make the "public covenant with God," to which we have hereinbefore alluded]. Enforce upon all who come among us the laws of Christian morality."
Enforcing Christian morality upon people is something that God Himself does not do, much less commission fallible men to attempt it. The very thought is a most despotic conception. But here is another National Reform utterance that makes conditions of toleration even heavier than those with which the Boer National Reformers are accredited. It is from a speech of Dr. Jonathan Edwards, delivered in a National Reform convention held in New York in 1873:—
"Tolerate atheism, sir? There is nothing out of hell that I would not tolerate as soon! The atheist may live, as I have said; but, God helping us, the taint of his destructive creed shall not defile any of the civil institutions of all this fair land! Let us repeat, Atheism and Christianity are contradictory terms. They are incompatible systems. They can not dwell together on the same continent."
This is National Reformism, but it is not Christianity. Atheism and Christianity did dwell together when Christianity was represented on earth by its very Head. Jesus Christ mingled with sinners of every type, ate and drank with them, tolerated them even among the twelve, and finally died for them. And He commissioned His disciples to "follow Him." The class that met His direct denunciation were the National Reformers of His time—the scribes and Pharisees—those who had made "a public covenant with God," but persistently violated it, both in letter and in spirit, by their intolerant self-righteousness.
G.
SUNDAY AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION.
By T.
A DESPATCH from Washington says that the President has sent instructions to United States Commissioner-General Peck, at the Paris Exposition, to see that the American section is kept closed on Sunday during the exhibit as far as possible. Mr. Peck will not take final action in the matter until after he has conferred with the Paris authorities.
Keeping the American exhibit closed at the great Paris Exposition will give some people a great text with which to expatiate on how good this world is getting, etc. But those who know about the canteen evil in this government, and about all the rest of the wickedness and political corruption, will not need to be told that such acts as closing the exhibit on Sunday (even if Sunday were the Sabbath) savors of almost anything else rather than the Spirit of the real Christ.
The enemy of all truth is determined that Sunday shall be thrust upon the people, whether they like it or not. But while he is doing this, the Lord is urging the true Sabbath upon the consciences of men, and very soon all will have taken their stand for or against it. There is much involved in this Sabbath question, and many are liable to make the mistake of thinking that it does not amount to much, or else of allowing their prejudices to keep them from learning the real truth of the Bible upon the subject. The Sabbath commandment reads thus:—
"Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days shalt thou labor, and do all thy work; but the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord thy God; in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy man servant, nor thy maid servant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates; for in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day, and hallowed it."
The foregoing is the Lord's own version of the Sabbath question. And it would be absolutely impossible to make that commandment give any sanction whatever to Sunday-keeping. Sunday is not the Sabbath, and, no matter what our views or prejudices to the contrary may be, the indisputable facts stand there just the same. It is better to stand with God, even tho we have to be in the minority, and be right, than to risk the consequences on such a vital matter.
T.
RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE IN RARATONGA.
INTOLERANCE and oppression always go with error, with men who either do not know the theory even of the truth, or, knowing its form, reject its spirit. This has ever been marked as regards the Sabbath question. The Pharisees of old had "the form of knowledge and truth in the law" respecting the Sabbath, but they did not have the spirit of the law. The law was to them a thing without, not a living principle within. Hence they persecuted Jesus because He did not keep the Sabbath in their way. The Sunday institution, having its origin in sun-worship, has always had connected with it a spirit of intolerance. Good men observed it, and have been good men, accepted of God, in spite of error. Having the rest of Christ in the heart, they were charitably disposed toward all. Erroneous, unwise zeal makes persecutors of even these. And as the Sabbath question is agitated more and more, as the Spirit of God stirs up hearts to investigation or duty, there will be increased religious legislation and persecution.
Just now Raratonga and surroundings are in the throes of a religious revolution. When discovered and evangelized the natives were taught to keep the seventh day, believing it to be the first. Recently, as the truth of the question has been laid before the people, they have learned that they were observers of the true Sabbath, the Sabbath observed by Jesus Christ. At this point came in the spirit of traditional Sunday intolerance. The missionaries and other mistaken men secured a law requiring a change of day, demanding that the people of the islands shall put their week one day ahead, and worship on Sunday instead of the Sabbath.
The nations, those who are really Christians, do not take kindly to the idea, and an oppressive, intolerant spirit has been aroused on the part of the Sunday advocates, even to the extent of giving orders that a new meeting-house used by the non-Sunday-keeping natives be burned.
While we regret the strife, we are glad of the agitation. It is said that the natives have done more hard, independent thinking during the last few months than for years. This is good.
Nor is this all due by any means to the work of seventh-day missionaries, because the excitement, the unrest, the opposition to unreasonable and oppressive laws, are manifest in entirely new districts where seventh-day people have done nothing. Why will not the representatives of the L. M. S. put themselves on the side of the truth as it is in Jesus? The society's native paper argues that the Lord is not particular as regards any one day; He requires only a seventh part of time. Then why not leave the natives free to choose which seventh?
Let the friends of the truth pray for the cause in Raratonga.
CUBA TO PAY FOR HER FREEDOM.
AN Associated Press despatch, under date of March 6, is as follows:—
“Representative Levy, of New York, to-day introduced a resolution in the House directing that the Collector of Customs for the island of Cuba be instructed to deduct from the monthly receipts of the island twenty-five per cent. of the total amount collected, until the total sum expended by the United States on behalf of Cuba during the war with Spain and since, shall have been paid.
“The resolution places the cost of the war with Spain at more than $300,000,000, besides $3,000,000 to effect disarmament of the Cubans, and the cost of since maintaining an armed force in Cuba to preserve order and administer affairs. The deduction of twenty-five per cent. of the island’s monthly receipts is to continue until our total expenditures are reimbursed, or provision for settlement of the indebtedness of the island of Cuba to the United States shall have been made between the government of the United States and the island of Cuba.”
THE DOCTOR HYPNOTIZED HER.
By T.
A DIVORCE has just been granted in this city that should have more than passing notice. The wife's own confession of the history of the case is to the effect that she was called some time since to the bedside of her sick mother in a distant State. The doctor that was in attendance upon her mother hypnotized her and thus brought her under his influence so that she could not resist him. The result of it was the violation of her marriage vows. She said that she knew the bad deeds that the doctor was leading her into, but she had no power to resist him. When she came home, she made a confession of the whole matter to her husband, and said that she was thoroughly sorry and penitent. Her husband thought best to file a divorce suit, and the woman did not resist him, but told the same story in the court that she had told to her husband.
Much has been said in favor of the great value of hypnotism in the medical profession. But, as we pointed out in an article some time ago, a thing can not be good that can be so readily prostituted to the purposes of evil. If any one will stop to think of it calmly, he must see that hypnotism can not come from a good source, and it is to be avoided as you would avoid the bubonic plague. Both are a curse —an unmitigated evil. No person should ever submit his will to the hypnotist, for as soon as he does so he places himself in the hands of a power that will lead him he knows not where.
Neither should any one be deceived by the notion that it is impossible for any one who desires to do so to resist the power of the hypnotist. Every one who says that in the strength of God he will not come under any such thing as hypnotism, has nothing whatever to fear from it. It can have no possible power over him, and he should know it every minute. The workings of hypnotism are but just begun, and it can scarcely be realized now what we will have to meet from this quarter as time goes on.
T.
A "HEAVENLY BIRTHDAY."
ONE of the latest additions to the vocabulary of the Spiritualist or immortal-soul doctrine is the expression "heavenly birthday." The anniversary of one's death is called his heavenly birthday. Two such anniversaries—one of a once prominent man, and one of an equally notable woman—have recently had extended notice under the new appellation, in quite pretentious Christian papers.
It is true that every real Christian must needs have had a heavenly birthday in order to have become a Christian. "Ye must be born again." "Except a man be born again, he can not see the kingdom of God." One's conversion, or birth of the Spirit, is a birth into the kingdom of heaven, and might be deemed a "heavenly birthday;" but if that change be not effected until death, it does not speak very highly of one's professed Christianity during lifetime. Not only so, but if the heavenly birth be not a conscious fact before the death of the individual, his chances of ever having a "heavenly birthday" are gone forever; for "the dead praise not the Lord, neither any that go down into silence." Ps. 115:17. "In death there is no remembrance of Thee; in the grave who shall give Thee thanks?" Ps. 6:5. "For the grave can not praise Thee, death can not celebrate Thee; they that go down into the pit can not hope for Thy truth. The living, the living, he shall praise Thee, as I do this day; the father to the children shall make known Thy truth." Isa. 38:18, 19.
—G.
Russia’s Threat to England and India
HARRY SAVAGE LANDOR,an English explorer and writer,sees a serious outlook for England in the military preparations which Russia is making on the borders of Afghanistan and Persia.Mr. Landor declares that Russia is massing 250,000 troops on the borders of this country, and that the recent declaration of the ameer of Afghanistan in regard to his undying friendship for England and hatred of Russia, was undoubtedly an oriental blind, designed to lull England into a feeling of security while he planned with Russia for England's undoing in that quarter. Russia has railway connection with Samarcand, and the roads of Afghanistan are declared by Mr. Landor to be in good condition for marching troops to India's borders. India has had to supply many men for the war in South Africa, and it is admitted that her native troops could not stand against the Russians. Russia, says this writer, is stronger than ever before, and stronger than England has supposed her to be. Thus are events ripening for the final struggle, and only heaven's commissioned agents are now able to keep the peace of the world until the work of God is finished in the earth.
s.
British Losses in the South African War
A DESPATCH from London under date of March 12 sums up the British losses in the South African war as follows:
Church Control of Gospel Preaching
We have often heard those who advocate Sunday laws and such like principles disavow any desire to compel people to go to church. But here is something that is closely akin to it. A strange minister, says the Mt. Vernon, Ohio, Visitor, recently applied for the use of the town hall in a village in Northern Ohio, to be informed that “the churches have laid in a petition before the town council not to have them let in any stray ministers to preach in the hall, as they had churches for that purpose, and if people wanted to hear the Gospel they must come to their churches to hear it.” That is not exactly saying the people must go to church, but it is saying they must go to some of the churches or be denied the Gospel in that town—to the extent of the influence of the churches and town authorities. The principle is the same. Query: Could the people hear the Gospel if they did go to churches where such a spirit predominates? “Master, we saw one casting out devils in Thy name; and we forbade him, because he followeth not with us.”
War and the Coming Kingdom of Peace
THE British House of Commons has authorized a loan of $175,000,000. This is occasioned, of course, by the South African War. War is not only destructive of life, but it uses up lots of means, and destroys, almost as if swept by fire or flood, the property that represents years of toil, in the country where the armies are operating. How all these things should lead us to pray, as never before, "Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done in earth as it is in heaven"! The kingdom of Christ is the kingdom of peace and love. Neither war nor cruæl hate will be there. How our hearts swell with joy as we see the sure signs all about us that the coming of Christ is right at hand; that He is about to establish His everlasting kingdom; and that soon, very soon, all strife and bloodshed will be eternally put away!
Salisbury Rejects Boer Peace Conditions
On March 13 Lord Salisbury replied to the joint note of Presidents Steyn and Kruger refusing the conditions of peace which were named in that communication, namely, the independence of the two Dutch republics, and plainly intimated that the only solution of the present trouble was in the surrender of the Boers and the extension of British sovereignty over all of South Africa.
Treachery Under the White Flag
On March 12 a company of British troops were charging a position held by the Boers, and the Boers threw down their arms, held up their hands, and showed the white flag, thus indicating that they had surrendered. An English officer advanced to receive their surrender, when a volley was fired into him, and he, and several other men, were killed. This is not the first instance of the kind, and Lord Roberts, as the result of this action, has telegraphed to President Kruger and President Steyn that if this thing is repeated he will instruct his troops to pay no more attention to the white flag. War is bad enough at its best, and it is to be hoped that this further barbarity can be averted.*
Kentucky Governorship Conflict
The contention in Kentucky over the governorship has broken out afresh during the past few days, and it has been feared that there would be much more bloodshed before they would get through with it. Rival bodies of troops, representing the two political factions, are encamped at the State capitol, each expressing determination to fight for their positions. As we go to press, the trouble is reported to be quieting down, and it is to be hoped that the fighting is at an end. But the matter is not settled, by any means, and it is hard to tell what will be the outcome of it.
Athletics and Modern Education
The trend of modern education is indicated in a statement of a local daily to the effect that a certain young man, "a recent graduate of the Oakland High School, will enter the Northwestern University of Chicago. —— is an all-round athlete and made an enviable record as a hammer thrower and hurdler, while a member of the Academic Athletic League. An article published in the Chicago Times-Herald of December 28, gave the young man a complimentary notice. It says the college expects to secure in him one of the best athletes in the country for its track team."
Unrest and Terror in Panay
REPORTS from the Philippines state that the island of Panay is still overrun with armed natives, who murder and pillage the peaceful inhabitants at will. A measurable degree of peace is maintained in the villages which the Americans have garrisoned; but there are not troops enough to garrison all the towns, and scattered bands keep the inhabitants in continual terror. General Otis has advised the government that the Philippines are no place for American women, not even for the wives of officers, and advises that no more be allowed to come.
United States Intermediary in Boer Peace Proposals
The presidents of the two Dutch republics having endeavored in vain to induce one or more of the continental powers to act as intermediaries between them and England for the conclusion of peace, have turned to the United States, and President McKinley has directed that the peace proposals of the two republics be cabled to the English Government. It is stated that in this the United States will act simply as an intermediary and not as a mediator.
Preserving California’s Giant Trees
A BILL passed the United States Congress on March 6 directing the Secretary of the Interior to secure a bond on the Mammoth Tree Grove and South Park Grove, California. These groves contain some of the great giant trees of California, and this action is with a view of having some of them preserved from the woodman's ax. We are glad to see that the prospect is so good for some of these fine old specimens to be preserved.
Fund for General Lawton’s Widow
The fund raised by the people of this country for General Lawton's widow has reached the handsome figure of $98,432.07. It was formally transferred to her at the Riggs National Bank, Washington, D. C., on March 6, by General Corbin, the treasurer of the fund.
National Finance Bill Passes House
THE National Finance Bill, the principal feature of which is the establishment of the gold standard, passed the House on March 13. As the Senate has adopted the conference report, the bill requires but the President's signature to become law.
Mine Explosion in West Virginia
An explosion of dust or fire-damp in a mine near Thurmond, West Virginia, on March 6, entombed about fifty persons. Only ten of these have been taken out as yet, and seven of the ten are dead.
Cost of the Philippine War
The expense to the United States Government up to the present time in prosecuting the war in the Philippines is $48,928,060.
MISSIONS
By W. E. Howell
AMONG THE CHINESE IN HAWAII.
A RESIDENCE of two years and a half among the Chinese in Hawaii, living not only among them, but, to some extent, with them, has created in the writer an interest in the "sons of Ham" at least commensurate to the curiosity he had always felt toward them while without opportunity to form their acquaintance. My experience confirms the words of another: "It is remarkable, but interesting, that the longer the foreigner resides in China (or among the Chinese), the better he likes the people. They improve on acquaintance."
The Chinese man is an exceedingly interesting piece of humanity when once you begin to learn him. While to many he is the synonym of all that is queer, ludicrous, and even contemptible and repulsive, yet when you come to know him he is found to possess traits which in both quality and quantity are a rebuke to his pretentious critic. That he is peculiar, none will contradict; but that he has a right to be, no one will deny. That he carries these peculiarities, with but little modification, wherever he goes, is evident to the most careless observer. That the Chinese man of China is Chinese still, in Hawaii, in California, in Australia, in South America, need hardly be said.
But that the immutable Chinese man has become more mutable in Hawaii than in California, or perhaps other countries, is not only apparent, but it is easily accounted for in the fact that in Hawaii, prior to its annexation to the United States, he had been more freely admitted, and even now enjoys greater freedom of intercourse with the white man in industrial, social, and civil lines. The facility with which he acquires the trades of a civilization higher than his own, and the alacrity and success with which he pursues them, can not but command the admiration and respect of those from whom he learns them; and this, together with the readiness and grace with which he adapts himself to the usages of society, so unlike his own, forcibly argues that he is susceptible to the influences of a higher life and is capable of obedience to its principles, if only he is once convinced that it will be for his good to be so. Herein the missionary indulges hope that the power of a godly life, lived in constant association with one that, if not actually seeking for it, is at least sensible to something better and nobler, may conceive in it the germ of a life shaped to holier ends. Not even the Chinese man is wholly depraved, nor lacking in those natural traits which, under the operation of the Holy Spirit, will constitute him a true "son of heaven."
In Hawaii the Chinese man comes in daily contact with the practical life of those whose profession is higher than his own. There a constantly changing population of twenty-one thousand has opportunity to consider, and does consider, what there is in the white man's business or religion that is superior to its own. When a stranger comes among them, he is subjected to the time-consuming, but nevertheless effectual rule of being tacitly observed till he has proved himself true friend or wily foe. Meanwhile he is treated to every courtesy, and given ample opportunity to make manifest his real motive in being among them. Once established in their confidence, your field is open.
W. E. HOWELL.
A Leading Chinese Merchant of Honolulu—Brilliant, Progressive.
ENGLAND AND INDIA.
When so many are condemning England to-day, the following from Rev. Alfred Bayley, a Congregationalist clergyman of this city, who spent several years in India as a missionary, may be worthy of reading:—
"We found, among other things, the vast amount of benefit which the Englishman has brought to India. It is all very well for men like Dharmapala to come here and tell us that thousands of natives are killed by wild beasts every year because the English Government will not allow them to carry firearms with which to defend themselves against these monsters. Dharmapala knew that that was a lie; for, while the mortality in India from snake bites and wild beasts reaches 40,000 or 50,000 annually, the truth of the matter is that the theory of transmigration is the great cause of this. It stands to reason that if a man believes that the wild beast or the snake which is about to spring upon him is his great grandmother or grandfather, who has been reincarnated since passing from this life, he is not going to murder his progenitors in cold blood, even tho they may be about to murder him, and even the great Buddha himself, the founder of this theory, gave himself in one of his many lives to feed the hungry tigress and her cubs.
"The common schools, the colleges, the universities, the hospitals, the schools of medicine, science, and agriculture, all bear testimony to the Englishman's attempt to elevate this Eastern race. The famine that prevails now would prevail over a far greater area if it were not for his energy in trying to stem its yearly visits. The canals and railroads which can now carry water and food to the famine-stricken districts, prevent its ever being bad, as it has been in the past, when there were no such facilities for transportation, and I have no doubt that in time the problem will be solved. Individual men or companies may have made money out of India, but not the British Government itself, to whom it has always been an expense."
Amlabba and Teachabba.
LOVE'S SERVICE.
By J. S. Leonard
Are you sowing seeds of kindness,
Scattering with a hand of love,
Healing sinners of their blindness,
Working for the God above?
Do you use what God has given,
Use it as the Master wills,
Lighting souls the way to heaven,
Saving them from sin that kills?
Has He called you to self-giving?
Has He bid you work for love?
Know that giving is true living;
Do the will of God above.
Elliottville, N. Y. J. S. LEONARD.
FAMISHED INDIA.
MISS MARION TAYLOR, first vice-president of the California Conference Woman's Foreign Missionary Society, has received a letter from Lillian E. Marks, a medical missionary at Ajmere, Rajputana, India, appealing for aid for the starving native Christians in that district. After reciting the terrible effects of famine and plague there during the last four years, the letter says:—
'Once more famine is upon us. This year the affected area contains 50,000,000 inhabitants. Rajputana, which comprises sixteen States, ruled by rajahs, or native princes, and contains a population of 12,000,000, is the center of the distress. The Methodist Episcopal mission has 3,400 Christians scattered through this territory. The heathen will not help them. They are dying of starvation. They look to the missionaries, and we are helpless unless Christian friends come to our aid with substantial assistance. Hundreds of children are left fatherless and motherless. Many have been forsaken by relatives. The other day a man killed his little boy, roasted, and ate him. When caught, he said, 'My stomach did it.' We plan to give employment to as many as possible.'
We have an important medical mission established at Calcutta, India, from which point our workers go inland, reaching as much territory as possible. They are sorely in need of funds to use in this trying emergency. Any one desiring to donate for this important work should send their means to the treasurer of our Foreign Mission Board, W. H. Edwards, rooms 1905–1907, 150 Nassau Street, New York, N. Y.
